Nudge strategies to improve healthcare providers’ implementation of evidence-based guidelines, policies and practices: a systematic review of trials included within Cochrane systematic reviews

Table 5 A summary of the number and percentage of outcomes reporting an estimated effect in support of the intervention by number of nudge strategies and intervention type

Strategy	Number of studies	Number of outcomes	Number (%) of estimated effects in direction of hypothesised effect^a	Number (%) estimated effects in direction of hypothesised effect and significant^a
All studies	42	57	49 (86)	30 (53)
Nudge as part of multicomponent intervention	22	30	24 (80)	15 (50)
Nudge only intervention	20	27	25 (93)	15 (56)
One nudge strategy included	29	42	36 (86)	23 (55)
More than one nudge strategy included	13	15	13 (87)	7 (47)
Type of nudge strategies:
Priming	29	41	37 (90)	24 (59)
Norms and messenger	17	19	16 (84)	9 (47)
Salience/ affect/affect	8	11	8 (73)	3 (27)
Incentive	3	3	1 (33)	0 (0)
Default	1	1	1 (100)	1 (100)
Commitment/ego	1	1	1 (100)	0 (0)

Note: ^aThere are several studies that report on more than one outcome and thus are represented more than once in this result

ISSN: 1748-5908